Conclusion HIV has been known for decades. It has been diagnosed in people in every country in the world. It affects far more people than those who are infected. It has an impact on other members of the household, family, friends, and coworkers. In addition to dealing with an infection that has the potential to be life threatening, patients and their support networks must deal with how HIV is often accompanied by stigma and discrimination. Nurses and other healthcare professionals have an obligation to support patients and their support systems. Families and friends can be a source of great comfort as well as facilitators of consistent, accurate treatment regimens. They can also have a negative impact if they do not receive the proper education and support. Patients References Angel, A., Valliant, J., & Naik, R. (2023). HIV-1 associated opportunistic infections. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539787/ Avert. (2019a). History of HIV and AIDS overview . https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/ overview Avert. (2019b). HIV strains and types . https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-science/types-strains Avert. (2019c). Origin of HIV and aids . https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/origin Avert. (2020a). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) for HIV prevention . https://www.avert.org/ professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/pre-exposure-prophylaxis#:~:text=Pre%2Dexposure%20 prophylaxis%20(PrEP)%20is%20a%20daily%20course%20of,HIV%20infection%20to%20near%2Dzero. Avert. (2020b). Starting antiviral treatment for HIV . https://www.avert.org/living-with-hiv/starting- treatment Avert. (n.d.). HIV timeline . https://timeline.avert.org/ Carpenter, R. (2020). What is included in patient education about HIV infection? https://www. medscape.com/answers/211873-170668/what-is-included-in-patient-education-about-hiv-infection Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019a). HIV high risk behaviors . https://www.cdc. gov/hiv/risk/estimates/riskbehaviors.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). HIV transmission . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ basics/transmission.html#:~:text=Most%20commonly%2C%20people%20get%20or,has%20HIV%20 can%20transmit%20HIV Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020a). About PrEP . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ basics/prep/about-prep.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). AIDS and opportunistic infections . https://www. cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/opportunisticinfections.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020c). Body fluids that transmit HIV . https://www.cdc. gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/body-fluids.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020d). Deciding to take PrEP . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ basics/prep/prep-decision.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020e). Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2018: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. https:// www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance/vol-31/content/msm.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020f). HIV and youth . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/ age/youth/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020g). HIV in the United States and dependent areas . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). HIV screening . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/ screening/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022i). HIV treatment and care . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ clinicians/treatment/treatment-clinicians.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022j). HIV: Basic statistics . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ basics/statistics.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023k). Studs and HIV: CDC fact sheet . https://www.cdc. gov/std/hiv/stdfact-std-hiv.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023l). Types of HIV testing . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ basics/hiv-testing/test-types.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020m). Ways HIV is not transmitted . https://www.cdc. gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/not-transmitted.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). High risk and prevention . https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ risk/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023). HIV screening, testing and diagnosis. https://www. cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/guidelines/index.html#hivScreeningTestingDiagnosis Rationale: A person infected by HIV can remain asymptomatic for eight or more years (HIV.gov, 2020). This may decrease the likelihood of screening, since people may believe that no symptoms equal no infection. 2. The correct answer is D. Rationale: Despite the progress made over the past several decades in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection, these data show that thousands of people continue to be infected every day. However, new HIV infections are thought to be on the decline. New HIV infections among children have decreased by 50% since 2010. 3. The correct answer is A. Rationale: Anal sex is the most high-risk type of sex for getting or transmitting HIV. Furthermore, the receptive partner is at higher risk of acquiring HIV because of the thin nature of the rectal lining (CDC, 2019a). 4. The correct answer is A. Rationale: Candidiasis is not a particularly serious illness for most people and is associated with alterations of normal defense mechanisms. In people with HIV infection, Candida often affects
cannot be treated and counseled in isolation. They are part of a family and of their respective communities. This means that community education and related support services are critical to the facilitation of treatment, prevention of transmission, and elimination of the stigma and discrimination that can be associated with a diagnosis of HIV infection. It is imperative that nurses maintain up-to-date knowledge of the status of HIV treatment, as well as transmission modes and the incidence and prevalence of infection. They are essential providers of patient/family education and emotional support for persons coping with an incurable, life- long, and life-threatening disease. Gilroy, S. (2023). HIV infection and AIDS . https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211316-overview HIV.gov. (2020a). Fast facts . https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/ statistics#:~:text=Approximately%201.2%20million%20people%20in,know%20it%20and%20need%20 testing. HIV.gov. (2020b). Pre-exposure prophylaxis . https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/using- hiv-medication-to-reduce-risk/pre-exposure-prophylaxis#:~:text=What%20Drugs%20Are%20 Approved%20for,for%20daily%20use%20as%20PrEP. HIV.gov. (2020c). Symptoms of HIV . https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/ symptoms-of-hiv HIV.gov. (2020d). The global HIV/AIDS epidemic . https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and- trends/global-statistics HIV.gov. (2020e). The basics of HIV prevention . https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact- sheets/ basics-HIV-prevention HIV.gov (2023). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection: Diagnosis of HIV infection in infants and children . https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/diagnosis- hiv-infection-infants-and-children HIV.gov & NIH.gov. (2020a). HIV treatment . https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/ following-hiv-regimen-steps-take-and-after-starting-hiv-medicines HIV.gov & NIH.gov. (2020b). Side effects of HIV medicines . https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/ fact-sheets/hiv-medicines-and-side-effects Huynh, L., & Kahwaji, C. (2023). HIV testing . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482145/ Jones, A. (2020). Types of antiviral medications . https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types- antiretroviral-medications Mayo Clinic. (2020). Male condoms . https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/condoms/about/ pac-20385063 Norris, T. (2022). Disorders of the immune response, including disorders of the immune response including HIV/AIDS. In Porth’s essentials of pathophysiology (5th ed). Wolters Kluwer. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2023). Blood borne pathogens and needlestick prevention. https://www.osha.gov/bloodborne-pathogens U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. (2019). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/human- immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening Galliant, A., Gullick, Peter (2023). HIV and current disease practice. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK534860/ Waymack & Sundareshan (2023). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Stat Pearls . https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/ Webb, R. (2019). Needlestick injuries, discarded needles and the risk of HIV transmission . https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/needlestick-injuries-discarded-needles-and-risk-hiv- transmission#:~:text=The%20risk%20of%20transmission%20from,just%20over%20one%20in%20500. Weihe, R. (2023). HIV treatment regimens: CDC guidelines. Adult/adolescent. https://emedicine. medscape.com/article/2172322-overview?form=fpf World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens . https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325892/WHO-CDS-HIV- 19.15-eng.pdf?ua=1 World Health Organization (WHO). (2023a). HIV/AIDS . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/hiv-aids World Health Organization (WHO). (2023b). HIV: Treatment . https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv- programme/treatment/ the mouth and vagina. However, when it causes infection of the esophagus and/or lower respiratory tract (e.g., trachea and bronchi), it is considered an opportunistic infection (CDC, 2020b). 5. The correct answer is A. Rationale: In this case, the crucial action that Janet should have taken to prevent a needle stick injury during the injection process is to double-check the condition of the gloves before administering the injection (option A). Proper inspection of gloves is important to ensure that there are no tears or damage that could lead to exposure to blood or bodily fluids. Rushing through the injection due to being tired and in a hurry (option B) is unsafe and can lead to mistakes and accidents. Disposing of the needle and syringe immediately after administering the injection (option C) is a good practice for safe disposal, but the critical issue in this scenario is to ensure the gloves are intact before use. Ignoring the tear in the glove and proceeding with the injection (option D) is unsafe and increases the risk of a needle stick injury. 6. The correct answer is D. Rationale: HIV education should include information about treatment, prevention, transmission, specific regimen use, and counseling for emotional effects.
HIV/AIDS UPDATE: PREVENTION, TRANSMISSION, AND TREATMENT, 2ND EDITION Self-Assessment Answers and Rationales 1. The correct answer is B.
Page 39
Book Code: MMD0724
EliteLearning.com/Massage-Therapy
Powered by FlippingBook