_____________________________________________ Promoting the Health of Gender and Sexual Minorities
• Overall, students who attended school only in-person heard anti-LGBTQ+ remarks more frequently than did students who attended school only online or in a hybrid setting. • Only 10.9% LGBTQ+ students reported that school staff intervened most of the time or always when over- hearing homophobic remarks at school; only 8.8% of LGBTQ+ students reported that school staff intervened most of the time or always when overhearing negative remarks about gender expression. • LGBTQ+ students who were in in-person only learning environments reported the lowest levels of staff inter- vention on anti-LGBTQ+ remarks. The vast majority (83.1%) of LGBTQ+ students who attended school in-person at some point during the 2021–2022 aca- demic year experienced in-person harassment or assault based on personal characteristics, including sexual orientation, gender expression, gender, religion, actual or perceived race/ ethnicity, and actual or perceived disability. Among LGBTQ+ students who were in in-person only or hybrid learning environ- ments [66]. An estimated 76.1% experienced in-person verbal harassment (e.g., called names or threatened) specifically based on sexual orientation, gender expression, and gender at some point in the past year. Nearly 61% of LGBTQ+ students were verbally harassed based on their sexual orientation, 57.4% based on gender expression, and 51.3% based on gender. The Survey also found that 31.2% were physically harassed (e.g., pushed or shoved) in the past year based on based on their sexual orientation, gender expression, or gender; 22.4% were physically harassed at school based on their sexual orientation, 20.6% based on gender expression, and 20.5% based on gen- der. In addition, 12.5% of LGBTQ+ students were physically assaulted (e.g., punched, kicked, injured with a weapon) in the past year based on their sexual orientation, gender expression, or gender. The number of LGBTQ+ students were harassed or assaulted at school based on other characteristics included 34.4% based on actual or perceived disability, 29.0% based on religion, and 23.3% based on actual or perceived race/ ethnicity. Further, 53.7% of LGBTQ+ students were sexually harassed (e.g., unwanted touching or sexual remarks) in the past year at school. LGBTQ+ students who attended school online at some point during the 2020–2021 academic year were asked about their experiences with online harassment based on personal charac- teristics during the school day by students from their school. Among those who attended school online at some point during the 2021–2022 academic year [66]: • 36.6% were harassed online based on their sexual orientation • 31.8% were harassed online based on their gender expression • 30.3% were harassed online based on their gender
Students who were in online-only learning environments experienced higher rates of online harassment based on sexual orientation, gender, and gender expression than those who were in hybrid learning environments. Additionally, many LGBTQ+ students reported online harassment based on other characteristics [66]: • 17.3% reported being harassed online based on their actual or perceived disability • 13.7% reported being harassed online based on their religion • 13.2% reported being harassed online based on actual or perceived race/ethnicity There is some evidence that students may be less likely to report harassment and assaults related to their gender and sexual identity, perhaps because of a lack of trust in authority figures. In the 2021 Survey, 61.5% of LGBTQ+ students who were harassed or assaulted in school did not report the incident to school staff, most commonly (69.6% of students) because they did not think school staff would do anything about the harassment even if they did report it [66]. Students in in-person learning environments reported harass- ment to school staff at higher rates than did students in online only or hybrid settings; 49.5% of students who attended school online (both online only and hybrid) stated that they did not report victimization online and instead only reported these experiences to staff when they attended school in person [66]. Of those students who did report an incidence, 60.3% said that school staff either did nothing in response or told the student to ignore it [66]. Staff responses to reports of harass- ment and assault were similar across all three types of learning environments [66]. Most LGBTQ+ students (58.9%) has experienced LGBTQ+- related discriminatory policies or practices at school. Some of the most common discriminatory policies and practices expe- rienced are those that targeted students’ gender, potentially limiting their ability to make gender-affirming choices and negatively impacting their school experience [66]: • 29.2% had been prevented from using their chosen name or pronouns in their schools • 27.2% had been prevented from using the bathroom that aligned with their gender • 23.8% had been prevented from using the locker room that aligned with their gender • 20.6% had been prevented from wearing clothes deemed “inappropriate” based on gender • 16.0% had been prevented from playing on the sports team that is consistent with their gender
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MDDC1026
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