continued entrapment include fear, lack of knowledge about alternatives, isolation, and physical and psychological confinement. Adaptations to human trafficking involve behavioral and cognitive strategies, and both the circumstances and the coping strategies used for survival may affect short-term as well as long-term health and mental health conditions (Logan et al., 2009). Identifying human trafficking victims is challenging. Some victims are identified during the course of a criminal investigation. Other victims seek social, medical, or employment dispute services and are subsequently identified as human trafficking victims. Although it is rare for individuals to self-identify as human trafficking victims, there are red flags that can indicate a possible trafficking
situation. These red flags include can sometimes be seen by looking at a person’s situation and listening to their story. The Campaign to Rescue and Restore Victims of Human Trafficking has a screening tool to use with victims of human trafficking (Logan et al, 2009). Self-Assessment Quiz Question #7 Individuals at risk for human trafficking include all the following EXCEPT: a. Youth who identify as native or aboriginal. b. Youth who identify as LGBTQIA. c. Youth with intellectual or physical disabilities. d. Youth with part-time employment.
LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
● Cancer. ● Stroke. ● Bowel disease. ● Chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychological health consequences (Mayo Clinic, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018): ● Impaired psychological health: Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, heightened anxiety. ● Impaired relational skills: Aggression, poor peer relations, difficulty at work. ● Impaired executive functioning and cognitive skills: Difficulties with memory, self-control, cognitive flexibility, learning, and paying attention. ● Emotional difficulties: Low self-esteem, difficulty establishing or maintaining relationships, challenges with intimacy and trust, an unhealthy view of parenthood. ● Inability to cope with stress and frustrations. ● Attachment disorders. Behavioral health consequences (Child Welfare, 2021): ● Increased risky behaviors: Early sexual activity, alcoholism, drug use. ● Juvenile delinquency leading to adult criminality. ● Future perpetration of maltreatment. Evidence-based practice Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), as described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are comprised of childhood experiences that, according to research, have a significant impact on future violence victimization and perpetration and on lifelong opportunity and health (CDC, 2019). According to a study on ACE, adverse childhood experiences such as child abuse influence health and well-being throughout the person's life span (CDC, 2019). ACEs can lead to disrupted neurodevelopment; negative effects on social, emotional, and cognitive development; adoption of health-risk behaviors; disease, disability, and social problems; and even early death (CDC, 2019). ACEs can be prevented through the intervention of nurses and other healthcare workers who seek to detect and stop child abuse as soon as possible. Restatement of culpability Conduct that causes injury or harm to a child or creates a risk of injury or harm to a child shall not be considered child abuse if there is no evidence that the person acted intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly when causing the injury or harm to the child or creating a risk of injury or harm to the child.
Child abuse and neglect may affect the long-term health and well-being of the child, with effects lasting through adulthood (CDC, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018). Child maltreatment is a public health problem with lifelong health consequences for survivors and their families. Adults who were maltreated as children are likely to have poor health outcomes, and there is evidence that early adverse childhood experiences are strong contributors to many adult diseases (Christian & Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2015). Both retrospective and prospective studies have identified strong associations between cumulative traumatic childhood events such as family dysfunction, maltreatment, or social isolation and adult physical and mental health disease (Christian & Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2015). The child’s family and social context; their personal characteristics; and the frequency, severity, and timing of the abuse or neglect can affect outcomes (National Academy of Sciences, 2018). A child’s ability to cope and even thrive after trauma is called resilience . With help, some child victims of abuse and/or neglect may be able to work through and overcome their past experiences and traumas. Long-term effects of child abuse or neglect may affect the following aspects of the child’s health and well-being. Physical health consequences (Child Welfare, 2021; Mayo Clinic, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018): ● Impaired brain development: Changes to the stress response system, changes in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. ● Eating disorders. ● Sleep disturbances. ● Diabetes. ● Impaired nervous system development. ● Impaired immune system development.
● Lung disease. ● Malnutrition. ● Vision problems. ● Heart attack. ● Back problems. ● Arthritis. ● High blood pressure. ● Migraines. ● Chronic lung disease.
EXCLUSIONS FROM CHILD ABUSE, PER THE CPSL
Pennsylvania has identified scenarios that should not be considered child abuse. Pennsylvania statute § 6304 (exclusions from child abuse) details the following scenarios that have been excused from such a determination.
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Book Code: FPA0625
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