Substantiated child abuse Child abuse for which there is an indicated report or founded report. Under investigation A child abuse report pursuant to this chapter that is being investigated to determine whether it is “founded,” “indicated,” or “unfounded.” Self-Assessment Quiz Question #3 A perpetrator is defined as an individual who: a. Has committed the child abuse. b. Enabled the situation that led to child abuse. c. Permitted the child abuse to occur. d. Provides permanent or temporary care, supervision, mental health diagnosis or treatment, training, or control of a child in lieu of parental care, supervision, and control.
● Withdrawn. ● Sleep disturbances. ● Bedwetting. ● Pain or irritation in genital/anal area. ● Difficulty walking or sitting. ● Difficulty urinating. ● Pregnancy. ● Positive testing for sexually-transmitted disease(s) (e.g., HIV). ● Excessive or injurious masturbation. Subject of the report Any child, parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the welfare of a child or any alleged or actual perpetrator in a report made to the department or a county agency under this chapter. Substantial evidence Evidence that outweighs inconsistent evidence and that a reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Child Maltreatment 2019 is the 30th edition of the annual Child Maltreatment report series prepared by the Children’s Bureau, an office of the Administration for Children and Families of the HHS. These reports rely on national data about child abuse and neglect known to CPS agencies in the U.S. Child welfare generally recognizes the following types of child abuse: Negligent care (neglect), physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and fictitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA; Child Welfare, 2021). Many states also now recognize human trafficking as another category of child abuse. According to the Child Maltreatment 2019 report, during FFY 2019, CPS agencies across the nation screened in 2.4 million (2,368,325) referrals in all 52 reporting states (Child Welfare, 2021). The screened in victim rate was 32.2 alleged victims per 1,000 children in the population (Child Welfare, 2021). There were 656,000 (rounded up) nationally Signs of child abuse or neglect Signs of abuse or neglect include a child who acts in the following ways (Child Welfare, 2021): ● Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance. ● Has learning problems or difficulty concentrating that cannot be attributed to specific physical or psychological causes. ● Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to the parents’ attention. ● Lacks adult supervision. ● Is always watchful, as though preparing for something bad to happen. ● Comes to school or other activities early, stays late, and does not want to go home. ● Is overly compliant, passive, or withdrawn. ● Is reluctant to be around a particular person. ● Discloses maltreatment. Signs of abuse or neglect include a perpetrator who acts in the following ways (Child Welfare, 2021b): ● Denies the existence of or blames the child for the child’s problems in school or at home. ● Shows little concern for the child. ● Asks teachers or other caregivers to use harsh physical discipline if the child misbehaves. ● Looks primarily to the child for care, attention, and satisfaction of the perpetrator’s emotional needs. ● Sees the child as entirely worthless, bad, or burdensome.
TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
estimated victims of child abuse and neglect (Child Welfare, 2021). This equates to a national rate of 8.9 victims per 1,000 children in the population (Child Welfare, 2021). It was determined that 74.9% of child abuse victims were neglected; 17.5% were physically abused; and 9.3% were sexually abused. In addition, 6.8% of victims were reported with the “other” type of maltreatment (Child Welfare, 2021). According to the states, the “other” maltreatment type includes threatened abuse or neglect, drug/alcohol addiction, and lack of supervision (Child Welfare, 2021). The first step in helping abused or neglected children is learning to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect. The presence of a single sign does not mean that child maltreatment is occurring in a family, but a closer look at the situation may be warranted when these signs appear repeatedly or in combination. ● Demands a level of academic or physical performance the child cannot achieve. Signs of abuse or neglect include when the perpetrator and the child both act in the following ways (Child Welfare, 2021): ● Consider their relationship to be entirely negative. The above list does not present all the signs of abuse or neglect. It is important to pay attention to other behaviors that may seem unusual or concerning. In addition to these signs and symptoms, the Child Welfare Information Gateway provides information on the risk factors and perpetrators of child abuse and neglect fatalities: https://www.childwelfare. gov/can/risk_perpetrators.cfm ● State they do not like each other. ● Rarely touch or look at each other.
In this next section, we provide an overview of the categories, signs and symptoms, and long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Indicators of bodily injury ● Fear of going home. ● Fear of parent or caregiver. ● Extreme apprehensiveness/vigilance. ● Pronounced aggression or passivity. ● Flinches easily or avoids being touched. ● Play includes abusive talk or behavior. ● Unexplained injuries.
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