● Avoids answering questions and lets someone else speak for them. ● Does not have insurance or control of own finances. ● Exhibits hypervigilance or paranoid behaviors. ● Expresses interest in or is in relationship with adults or much older individuals. ● Has significant change in behavior, including increased social media and new associates or friends at school. Factors that affect vulnerability to trafficking include poverty, immigrant status, hope for a better life, being female, being young, and being isolated. Factors that influence continued entrapment include fear, lack of knowledge about alternatives, isolation, and physical and psychological confinement. Adaptations to human trafficking involve behavioral and cognitive strategies, and both the circumstances and the coping strategies used for survival may affect short-term as well as long-term health and mental health conditions (Logan et al., 2009). Identifying human trafficking victims is challenging. Some victims are identified during the course of a criminal investigation. Other victims seek social, medical, or employment dispute services and are subsequently identified as human trafficking victims. Although it is rare for individuals to self-identify as human trafficking victims, there are red flags that can indicate a possible trafficking situation. These red flags include can sometimes be seen by looking at a person’s situation and listening to their story. The Campaign to Rescue and Restore Victims of Human Trafficking has a screening tool to use with victims of human trafficking (Logan et al, 2009). Self-Assessment Quiz Question #7 Individuals at risk for human trafficking include all the following EXCEPT: a. Youth who identify as native or aboriginal. b. Youth who identify as LGBTQIA. c. Youth with intellectual or physical disabilities. d. Youth with part-time employment.
human trafficking, leaving some victims of human trafficking identified only as criminals (Logan et al., 2009). In essence then, both the victims and the traffickers collude to keep the crime hidden, and law enforcement personnel do not always look past the obvious criminal activity to see the more complex crime of human trafficking making identification and estimates of its nature and scope very difficult (Logan et al., 2009). Victim identification and warning signs include the following (Keep Kids Safe, n.d.b): ● Has been verified to be under 18 years of age and is involved in the commercial sex industry or has a record of prior arrest for prostitution or related charges. ● Has an explicitly sexual online profile. ● Frequents Internet chat rooms and/or classified sites. ● Depicts elements of sexual exploitation in drawing, poetry, or other modes of creative expression. ● Has frequent or multiple sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancies. ● Unexplained injuries and/or unbelievable or inconsistent explanation of injuries. ● Multiple bruises or cuts in various stages of healing. ● Lies about or has no identification or knowledge of personal data such as age, name, or date of birth. ● Wears sexually provocative clothing. ● Wears new clothes of any style; gets hair or nails done with no apparent financial means. ● Wears clothing that is dirty and inappropriate for the weather; it may be too large or too small (often dresses or skirts that are provocative in nature). ● Has multiple cell phones or very expensive items that they have no way of purchasing on their own. ● Has unaddressed medical issues or goes to the ER or clinic alone or with an unrelated adult. ● Maintains secrecy about whereabouts. ● Has late nights or unusual hours. ● Is found in a hotel, street track, truck stop, or strip club. ● Has a tattoo they are reluctant to explain. ● Uses specific terms such as “trick,” “the life,” or “the game.” ● Is in a controlling or dominating relationship.
LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
Child abuse and neglect may affect the long-term health and well-being of the child, with effects lasting through adulthood (CDC, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018). Child maltreatment is a public health problem with lifelong health consequences for survivors and their families. Adults who were maltreated as children are likely to have poor health outcomes, and there is evidence that early adverse childhood experiences are strong contributors to many adult diseases (Christian & Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2015). Both retrospective and prospective studies have identified strong associations between cumulative traumatic childhood events such as family dysfunction, maltreatment, or social isolation and adult physical and mental health disease (Christian & Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2015). The child’s family and social context; their personal characteristics; and the frequency, severity, and timing of the abuse or neglect can affect outcomes (National Academy of Sciences, 2018). A child’s ability to cope and even thrive after trauma is called resilience . With help, some child victims of abuse and/or neglect may be able to work through and overcome their past experiences and traumas. Long-term effects of child abuse or neglect may affect the following aspects of the child’s health and well-being.
Evidence-based practice Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), as described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are comprised of childhood experiences that, according to research, have a significant impact on future violence victimization and perpetration and on lifelong opportunity and health (CDC, 2019). According to a study on ACE, adverse childhood experiences such as child abuse influence health and well-being throughout the person's life span (CDC, 2019). ACEs can lead to disrupted neurodevelopment; negative effects on social, emotional, and cognitive development; adoption of health-risk behaviors; disease, disability, and social problems; and even early death (CDC, 2019). ACEs can be prevented through the intervention of nurses and other healthcare workers who seek to detect and stop child abuse as soon as possible.
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