Conclusion The goal of this course is to provide the reader with the latest information concerning ACL injuries, management options, thera- peutic techniques, criterion-based progression of activities, and outcome measures commonly used in the process of managing patients after ACL injury. The findings of evidence-based practice research have contributed significantly to improving the rehabili- tation protocols for patients with ACL deficiency and ACL recon- structions. Both operative and nonoperative treatment options are viable for managing patients with ACL injury. Currently, re- habilitation programs emphasize early resolution of impairments related to knee joint pain, joint effusion, ROM deficits, and muscle strength deficits that are commonly present in patients with ACL deficiency and ACL reconstruction. Additionally, earlier initiation of quadriceps strengthening train- ing, neuromuscular training, and dynamic activities are highly recommended to improve the patient’s outcome (Wilk, Macrina, Cain, Dugas, & Andrews, 2012). The current suggested clinical practice guidelines for patients pursuing a nonoperative ACL management are to administer a progressive strength training augmented with neuromuscular perturbation training. In patients Glossary ● allograft : Graft tissue transplanted from a donor’s body, typi- cally a cadaver. ● anthropometric : Referring to measurement of the human body. ● arthrofibrosis : Restriction of joint motion secondary to exces- sive scar tissue response. ● arthrogenic : Originating in the joint. ● autograft : Graft from the same individual. ● bundle : A group of fibers arranged parallel to each other that work together to provide stability in a specific direction. ● carioca : A forward and backward leg crossover while moving laterally in right and left directions. Adams, D., Logerstedt, D., Hunter-Giordano, A., Axe, M. J., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2012). Current concepts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A criterion-based rehabilitation progression. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42(7), 601-614. http://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3871 Aerts, I., Cumps, E., Verhagen, E., Wuyts, B., Van De Gucht, S., & Meeusen, R. (2015). The effect of a 3-month prevention program on the jump-landing technique in basketball: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 24(1), 21-30. http://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0099 Ageberg, E., Pettersson, A., & Fridén, T. (2007). 15-year follow-up of neuromuscular function in patients with unilateral nonreconstructed anterior cruciate ligament injury initially treated with rehabilitation and activity modification: A longitudinal prospective study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(12), 2109-2117. http://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507305018 Ageberg, E., Thomeé, R., Neeter, C., Silbernagel, K. G., & Roos, E. M. (2008). Muscle strength and functional performance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury treated with training and surgical reconstruction or training only: A two to five-year follow-up. Arthritis Care and Rheumatism, 59(12), 1773-1779. http://doi. org/10.1002/art.24066 References Agel, J., Rockwood, T., & Klossner, D. (2016). Collegiate ACL injury rates across 15 sports: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System Data Update (2004-2005 through 2012-2013). Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 26(6), 518-523. http://doi. org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000290 Aglietti, P., Buzzi, R., Zaccherotti, G., & De Biase, P. (1994). Patellar tendon versus doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(2), 211-218. http://doi.org/10.1177/036354659402200210 Ahldén, M., Samuelsson, K., Sernert, N., Forssblad, M., Karlsson, J., & Kartus, J. (2012). The Swedish National Anterior Cruciate Ligament Register: A report on baseline variables and outcomes of surgery for almost 18,000 patients. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(10), 2230-2235. http://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512457348 Alentorn-Geli, E., Myer, G. D., Silvers, H. J., Samitier, G., Romero, D., Lázaro-Haro, C., & Cugat, R. (2009). Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: Mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal of the ESSKA, 17(7), 705-729. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0813-1 Amis, A. A., & Dawkins, G. P. (1991). Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, 73(2), 260- 267. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2005151 Anderson, M. J., Browning, W. M., III, Urband, C. E., Kluczynski, M. A., & Bisson, L. J. (2016). A systematic summary of systematic reviews on the topic of the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(3), 2325967116634074. http://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116634074 Andriacchi, T. P., & Mündermann, A. (2006). The role of ambulatory mechanics in the initiation and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 18(5), 514-518. http://doi.org/10.1097/01. bor.0000240365.16842.4e Andriacchi, T. P., Koo, S., & Scanlan, S. F. (2009). Gait Mechanics Influence Healthy Cartilage Morphology and Osteoarthritis of the Knee. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 91, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.H.01408 AOSSM. (2009). IKDC Knee Forms. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. Retrieved from http://www. sportsmed.org/aossmimis/Members/Research/IKDC_Forms/ Ardern, C. L., Österberg, A., Tagesson, S., Gauffin, H., Webster, K. E., & Kvist, J. (2014). The impact of psychological readiness to return to sport and recreational activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(22), 1613-1619. http://doi.org/10.1136/ bjsports-2014-093842 Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2012). Return-to-sport outcomes at 2 to 7 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(1), 41-48. http:// doi.org/10.1177/0363546511422999 Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological factors associated with returning to sport following injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(17), 1120- 1126. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091203 Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2014). Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(21), 1543-1552. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093398 Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., Whitehead, T. S., & Webster, K. E. (2013). Psychological responses matter in returning to preinjury level of sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(7), 1549-1558. http://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513489284 Ardern, C. L., Webster, K. E., Taylor, N. F., & Feller, J. A. (2010). Hamstring strength recovery after hamstring tendon harvest for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A comparison between graft types. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery: Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 26(4), 462-469. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. arthro.2009.08.018
who are managed operatively, the postoperative rehabilitation program is recommended to include three criterion-based phas- es: impairment-based, functional-based, and return-to-activity phase. Integration of neuromuscular control of the lower extrem- ity to ACL rehabilitation is a key factor to improving knee joint dy- namic stability, correcting gait pattern, and improving knee func- tional performance (Chmielewski, Hurd, Rudolph, et al., 2005). Decisions for progressing through the rehabilitation program depend on meeting clinical milestones, the absence of adverse responses and muscle soreness, and patients’ ability to perform the activity. Incorporating a testing battery of objective measures to determine the patients’ readiness may warrant successful out- comes after reconstruction. With advanced surgical techniques and rehabilitation guidelines reaffirmed by the latest evidence- based practice, therapists can provide patients with the best out- comes after the ACL injury and reconstruction surgery. Investiga- tors continue to push ACL research forward to provide therapists with the best rehabilitation guidelines and with effective objective measures for determining the progression and return to preinjury activity levels. ● drop-out cast : A cylindrical splint with pads placed under the heel, with its front side cut along the entire length of the splint so it can be slipped on and off the leg. ● dynamometry : Measurement of force using a device called a dynamometer . ● hemarthrosis : Blood in the joint. ● mechanoreceptor : Sensory receptor that responds to me - chanical pressure or distortion. ● plyometric : Referring to activities using maximal force in the shortest time possible to increase speed and power. ● Q-angle : Angle formed in the frontal plane between the up- per leg and the lower leg. ● somatosensation : Sensory activity, including proprioception and the sensations of touch, temperature, and pain. Ardern, C. L., Webster, K. E., Taylor, N. F., & Feller, J. A. (2011a). 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