Chapter 9: Pharmaceuticals and Physical Therapy: Movement with Medication 4 CC Hours
By: Andrew Hodgdon, PT Learning objectives Following completion of this continuing education course, the learner can expect to: Describe and critique U.S. federal law regarding pharmaceuticals. Recognize chemical and physiologic components of pharmacology. Recall and sequence pharmacodynamic physiology. Describe and assess fundamental pharmacokinetic processes. Compare pharmaceutical and physiologic variability. Justify concern regarding biological antibiotic resistance. Distinguish pharmaceutical effects upon the autonomic and central nervous systems. Implicit bias in healthcare Implicit bias significantly affects how healthcare professionals perceive and make treatment decisions, ultimately resulting in disparities in health outcomes. These biases, often unconscious and unintentional, can shape behavior and produce differences in medical care along various lines, including race, ethnicity, gen- der identity, sexual orientation, age, and socioeconomic status. Healthcare disparities stemming from implicit bias can mani- fest in several ways. For example, a healthcare provider might unconsciously give less attention to a patient or make assump- tions about their medical needs based on race, gender, or age. The unconscious assumptions can lead to delayed or inadequate care, misdiagnoses, or inappropriate treatments, all of which can
Summarize multi-modal pharmaceutical management of hypertension. Determine the role of vasodilators in multi-modal medical care. Interpret pharmaceutical intervention for cardiopulmonary pathologies. Construct the role of physical rehabilitation in the context of sedatives, hypnotics and multi-modal anesthetics. Assess the role and objective danger associated with opioid prescription. adversely impact health outcomes. Addressing implicit bias in healthcare is crucial for achieving equity in medical treatment. Strategies to combat these biases involve education and aware- ness programs for healthcare professionals. These programs help individuals recognize and acknowledge their biases, fostering a more empathetic and unbiased approach to patient care. Addi- tionally, implementing policies and procedures prioritizing equi- table treatment for all patients can play a pivotal role in reduc- ing healthcare disparities. Ultimately, confronting implicit bias in healthcare is essential to creating a more just and equitable healthcare system where everyone receives fair and equal treat- ment regardless of their background or characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
mestic animals, minerals and toxins, as well as genetically engi- neered synthetics. Common plant-based pharmaceuticals include digoxin, which is derived from the foxglove plant. Others such as lanoline, are made from sheep’s wool. In addition, mineral supple- ments such as calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, copper and sele- nium are applied to treat observed biological deficiencies. Toxins such as radioactive iodine are applied in diagnostic as well as me- dicinal contexts to treat tumors (Watkins, 2013, p. 7). Synthetic medications allow for preservation of natural resources as well as decreased risk of disease contraction from animal sources. They are also entwined with efforts to map the human genome and further specify individual pharmaceutical application. The effects of a drug on the body, termed pharmacodynamics , can be categorized as curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, pallia- tive, replacement or destructive. Curative drugs help to advance the body out of a pathological state. Prophylactic drugs are used to prevent pathological development and may include applica- tion of antibiotics post-surgery to prohibit potential infections. Diagnostic drugs include barium sulfate ingestion prior to com- puterized tomography (CT) scans. Palliative drugs are applied for treatment of specific symptoms, as well as to make an individual relatively more comfortable. Replacement drugs are used to sup- plement impaired biological and physiologic processes. Finally, destructive drugs are used to destroy tumors and/or microbes (Watkins, 2013, pp. 8-9). Currently, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) de - scribes the physical therapist’s role as that of a “case manager” with regards to pharmaceuticals. The APTA defines the physical therapist’s duties with regards to medication management as “screening, evaluation, collection of information, identification of adverse events/reactions, and education” (APTA Official State- ment). Collective efforts between physical therapists and pharma-
Physical therapy and pharmacology have operated alongside each other for thousands of years. Physical therapy has been traced to ancient Greek civilizations, with Hippocrates in particular promot- ing medical treatment with massage application, manual thera- py and hydrotherapy dating back to around 400 B.C. (Wharton, 1991). As a professional entity, physical therapy has existed for approximately 200 years, dating back to Per Henrik Ling and the Royal Institute for Gymnastics in Sweden. Pharmacology has also developed alongside humanity since ancient times, with recorded application on or before 1550 B.C., across a number of cultures around the world. The term pharmacology means “the study of medicine or the study of remedy and poison” (Watkins, 2013, p. 4). Over the course of human history, “healers,” also known as shamans , witch doctors, and/or medicine men and women, were sought after due to their knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants. Modern pharmacology is earmarked around 1800, when scientists were able to sequester the pure chemicals needed from specific plants. Mass production of medicine began in the primary half of the 20th century, denoted by mass production of penicillin during World War II. Official physical therapy organizations were formed and developed during this time, with specific historical documenta- tion observed in Great Britain, New Zealand and the United States (Physiopedia, 2015). Physical therapists must be able to exhibit magnanimous biological and physiological scholarship and prac- tice. The second half of the 20th century ushered in preference for synthetic medicines, developed in sterile laboratory settings. Only over the last 50 years has relative interest for natural me- dicinal sources resurfaced, often referred to as “homeopathic” or “alternative” medicines (Watkins, 2013, p. 5). Pharmacology is the study of substances used to treat illness. Pharmaceutical sources are broad and may include plants, do-
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Book Code: PTCA2624
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