Cues and reminders Information about implicit bias as well as motivation to reflect on personal biases can begin to fade months and even weeks after the initial intervention. Strategies to stimulate recall or remind providers about the work to mitigate implicit bias can be useful. Key words or phrases on the treatment room computer screen or even a specially designed screen saver can be used as Disparities in access to and delivery of healthcare services As it is quite apparent that disparities in healthcare exist, The Department of Health and Human Services intends to directly address this inequality by 2026. It has posted a draft of its strategic goals for the fiscal years 2022-2026, and impartial access to healthcare is of particular interest. The first of the five stated goals is to “Protect and Strengthen Equitable Access to High Quality and Affordable Healthcare” (HHS.gov, 2021a). As part of this goal,one strategic objective specifies an intent to “expand equitable access to comprehensive,community- based, innovative, and culturally-competent healthcare services while addressing social determinants of health”. They describe improved access to health-related services for an underserved population through the removal of barriers to access, a reduction in disparities in healthcare, and support of community-based services. An increase in healthcare facilities, a more diverse healthcare workforce, and collaboration with cultural and Conclusion The history of race and racism in America is central to the development of racial implicit bias across various sectors of our society and is a major contributor to racial healthcare inequities. However, we must not lose sight of the intersection of implicit bias and gender,sexual orientation, weight, race, and other individual and group characteristics. Our patients bring their unique physical condition, their intersectional Balas, B., Westerlund, A., Hung, K., & Nelson III, C. A. (2011). Shape, color and the other- race effect in the infant brain. Developmental Science, 14 (4), 892-900.10.1111/j.1467- 7687.2011.01039.x Ben-Zeev, A., Dennehy, T. C., Goodrich, R. I., Kolarik, B. S., & Geisler, M. W. (2014). When an “Educated” Black Man Becomes Lighter in the Mind’s Eye. SAGE Open, 4 (1), 215824401351677. 10.1177/2158244013516770 Blake, J. J., Keith, V. M., Luo, W., Le, H., & Salter, P. (2017). The role of colorism in explaining African American females’ suspension risk. School Psychology Quarterly, 32 (1), 118-130. 10.1037/spq0000173 Branigan, A. R., Freese, J., Sidney, S., & Kiefe, C. I. (2019). The Shifting Salience of Skin Color for Educational Attainment. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5 , 237802311988982. 10.1177/2378023119889829 References California Legislative Information. (2021). Bill Text - AB-241 Implicit bias: continuing education: requirements. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_ id=201920200AB241 Chin, M. H., Clarke, A. R., Nocon, R. S., Casey, A. A., Goddu, A. P., Keesecker, N. M.,& Cook, S. C. (2012). A Roadmap and Best Practices for Organizations to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27 ,992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2082-9 Cohen, A. S. (2021). Harvard’s Eugenics Era. Harvard Magazine . https://www. harvardmagazine.com/2016/03/harvards-eugenics-era Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G.,& Inui, T. S. (2012). The Associations of Clinicians’ Implicit Attitudes About Race With Medical Visit Communication and Patient Ratings of Interpersonal Care. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (5), 979-987. 10.2105/ajph.2011.300558 Cuevas, A. G., O’Brien, K., & Saha, S. (2019). Can patient-centered communication reduce the effects of medical mistrust on patients’ decision making? Health Psychology, 38 (4), 325- 333. 10.1037/hea0000721 DeAngelis, T. (2019). How does implicit bias by physicians affect patients’ healthcare? American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/03/ce-corner. Published March 2019 Di Brito, S. R., Lopez, C. M., Jones, C., & Mathur, A. (2019). Reducing Implicit Bias: Association of Women Surgeons #HeForShe Task Force Best Practice Recommendations. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 228 (3), 303-309.10.1016/j. jamcollsurg.2018.12.011 Dimuro, G. (2018). Southerners Actually Thought Slaves Escaping Was A Sign Of Mental Illness. All That’s Interesting . https://allthatsinteresting.com/drapetomania Edgoose, J., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K. (2019). How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care. Family Practice Management, 26 (4), 29-33.https://www.aafp. org/fpm/2019/0700/p29.html Eight tactics to identify and reduce your implicit biases. (2020). The Journal of Medical Practice Management: MPM, 35 (5), 237. https://login.proxy.lib.duke.edu/login?url=https:// www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/eight-tactics-identify-reduce-your-implicit/ docview/2504870922/se-2?accountid=10598 Erickson, J. H. & Pearson J. (2021). Excluding Whom? Race, Gender, and Suspension in High School. Education and Urban Society , 001312452110275.10.1177/00131245211027510 FitzGerald, C. & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: asystematic review. BMC Medical Ethics, 1 . 10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 Franklin, J. H. & Higginbotham, E.B. (2011). From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans . McGraw-Hill/Connect Learn Succeed. Gilder Lerhman Institute of American History. (2021). Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery . https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching- resource/historical-context-facts-about-slave-trade-and-slavery Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions? Yale Child Study Center.
a reminder. A mobile phone background can contain a photo or a word that serves as a reminder every time the provider uses the phone. Changing the photo or word periodically can help to avoid habituation. The inside cover of a folder containing CVs can list key phrases to remind search committee members to avoid bias in the screening process. community services can all contribute to improvements in access disparities (HHS.gov, 2021b). Chin et al provided specific suggestions for community involvement through school-based care, household outreach, and religious-based care delivery. Members of the community may be involved as peer coaches, peer educators, and patient care navigators to enhance use of healthcare services. Educational material intended to address specific cultural perspectives can target unique characteristics of the community and “open door”clinic policies and streamlined referral processes may contribute to an increase in patient participation. Chin et al also suggest that reduced out of pocket costs or free giveaways can serve as financial incentives to improve participation in healthcare services. Lastly,psychological services and support through family therapy, motivational interviewing, and counseling can help to encourage access to additional services and care (Chin et al., 2012). identity, and, in many cases,significant time, living within the ingrained structures, attitudes, and beliefs of this nation. It's our responsibility to not only engage what we are consciously aware of but also work to uncover personal and organizational biases that impede our movement towards a healthcare environment and society of true equity and the highest quality care for all. Grant, C. (2020). What Is Colorism? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is- colorism-5077380 Hagiwara, N., Slactcher, R. B., Eggly, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016). Physician Racial Bias and Word Use during Racially Discordant Medical Interactions. Health Communication, 32 (4), 401-408. 10.1080/10410236.2016.1138389 HHS.gov. (2021a). S trategic Goal 1: Protect and Strengthen Equitable Access to High Quality and Affordable Healthcare . https://www.hhs.gov/about/draft-strategic-plan/goal-1/ index.html HHS.gov. (2021b). Strategic Goal 1.3. Expand equitable access to comprehensive,community-based, innovative, and culturally-competent healthcare services while addressing social determinants of health. https://www.hhs.gov/about/draft-strategic- plan/goal-1/objective-1-3/index.html Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (16), 4296-4301. 10.1073/pnas.1516047113 IHI Multimedia Team. (2019). How to Reduce Implicit Bias . http://www.ihi.org/communities/ blogs/how-to-reduce-implicit-bias Johnson, J. D., Asiodu, I. V., McKenzie, C. P., Tucker, C., Tullly, K. P., Bryant, K., Verbiest, S., & Stuebe, A. M. (2019). Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Postpartum Pain Evaluation and Management. Obstetrics and gynecology .10.1097/AOG.0000000000003505. Johnson, T. J., Hickey, R. W., Switzer, G. E., Miller, E., Winger, D. G., Nguyen, M., Saladino, R. A., & Hausmann, L. R. M. (2016). The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias. Academic Emergency Medicine, 23 (3), 297- 305. 10.1111/acem.12901 Lee, K., Quinn, P. C., & Pascalis, O. (2017). Face Race Processing and Racial Bias in Early Development: A Perceptual-Social Linkage. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26 (3), 256-262. 10.1177/0963721417690276 Louie, P. & Wilkes, R. (2018). Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery. Social Science & Medicine, 202 , 38-42.10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.023 MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., & Hunt, A. N. (2014). What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 4 , 291-303.10.1007/s10755-014- 9313-4 Medical News Today. (2021). Phrenology: What is it, and how did it contribute to neuroscience? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/phrenology-the-pseudoscience- of-skull-shapes Mende-Siedlecki, P., Qu-Lee, J., Backer, R., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2019). Perceptual contributions to racial bias in pain recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148 (5), 863-889. 10.1037/xge0000600 Mitchell, K. M. W. & Martin, J. (2018). Gender Bias in Student Evaluations. PS: Political Science & Politics, 51 (03), 648-652. 10.1017/s104909651800001x Narayan, M. C. (2019). Addressing Implicit Bias in Nursing: A Review. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 119 (7), 36-43. 10.1097/01.naj.0000569340.27659.5a O’Connell, H. A., Bratter, J. L., & Casarez, R. S. (2020). One drop on the move: historical legal context, racial classification, and migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 1-20. 10.1080/01419870.2020.1761554 Pirchio, S., Passiatore, Y., Panno, A., Maricchiolo, F., & Carrus, G. (2018). A Chip Off the Old Block: Parents’ Subtle Ethnic Prejudice Predicts Children’s Implicit Prejudice. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 . 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00110 Roeder, A. (2018). America is Failing its Black Mothers. Harvard Public Health Magazine . https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/america-is-failing-its-black- mothers/ Salam, M. (2018). For Serena Williams, Childbirth Was a Harrowing Ordeal. She’s Not Alone. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/sports/tennis/serena-williams- baby-vogue.html
Page 42
Book Code: PYIL1824
EliteLearning.com/Psychology
Powered by FlippingBook