● Women who are single, separated, or divorced. ● Individuals who have recently sought a restraining/ vacate order. ● Individuals who abuse alcohol or other drugs, or whose partners do. ● Those with a partner: ○ Who are excessively jealous or possessive. ○ Experiencing unemployment or job instability. ● Women who are pregnant and have been previously abused.
● Low-income individuals, especially those in financial distress. ● Adolescents and young adults. ● Ethnic minorities. ● Non-U.S.-born (immigrant) women. ● Being gender non-conforming or a gender sexual minority. ● Vulnerable groups such as those who are sex workers or disabled.
CONSEQUENCES OF IPV
The physical and psychological consequences of intimate partner violence can be profound. 12,13 Injuries from physical and sexual assault affect approximately 75% of female survivors and 48% of male survivors 6 . Female survivors have higher risks of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, pelvic inflammatory disease, unintended pregnancy, Theoretical models Several models describe the dynamics of abusive relationships, two of which – The Duluth Power and Control Wheel, and Johnson’s Typology of Domestic Violence, are summarized here. The Duluth Power and Control Wheel In 1984, the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project developed a framework to describe the behavior of men who physically and emotionally
and psychological distress. 7 Long-term conditions associated with IPV include chronic pain, neurologic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, migraine headaches, and other physical disabilities, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. 7 abuse their female partners.14 Derived from the experiences of women living with men who batter, the Power and Control Wheel was developed to graphically represent the idea that acts of physical or sexual violence are part of a more general pattern of controlling behaviors, rather than isolated incidents of abuse, or as cyclical expressions of pent-up anger, frustration, or painful feelings.
The Duluth Power and Control Wheel
Johnson’s Typology of Domestic Violence Although the perpetrators of IPV are most often men, research that defines “violence” more broadly than just physical violence, finds that men and women use “violent” tactics equally often in relationships. 15
Michael Johnson’s research divided couples into those who use what he terms “intimate terrorism,” in which an abuser (usually male) uses violence and power and control tactics that usually escalate. Their targets are the women most often seen in hospital emergency
Book Code: CT24CME
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