Intimate Partner Violence: Compassionate Care, Effective Assessment _ _______________________________
Although IPV affects both women and men, and cuts across all age, racial, ethnic, religious, educational, and socioeconomic strata, research indicates a higher prevalence in certain groups [11]: • Women who are single, separated, or divorced. • Individuals who have recently sought a restraining/ vacate order. • Individuals who abuse alcohol or other drugs, or whose partners do. • Those with a partner: ‒ Who are excessively jealous or possessive. ‒ Experiencing unemployment or job instability. • Women who are pregnant and have been previously abused. • Low-income individuals, especially those in financial distress. • Adolescents and young adults. • Ethnic minorities. • Non-U.S.-born (immigrant) women. • Being gender non-conforming or a gender sexual minority. • Vulnerable groups such as those who are sex workers or disabled.
CONSEQUENCES OF IPV The physical and psychological consequences of intimate part- ner violence can be profound [12; 13]. Injuries from physical and sexual assault affect approximately 75% of female survivors and 48% of male survivors[6]. Female survivors have higher risks of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, pelvic inflammatory disease, unintended pregnancy, and psycho- logical distress [7]. Long-term conditions associated with IPV include chronic pain, neurologic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, migraine headaches, and other physical disabili- ties, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety [7]. THEORETICAL MODELS Several models describe the dynamics of abusive relationships, two of which – The Duluth Power and Control Wheel, and Johnson’s Typology of Domestic Violence, are summarized here. The Duluth Power and Control Wheel In 1984, the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project developed a framework to describe the behavior of men who physically and emotionally abuse their female partners [14].
THE DULUTH POWER AND CONTROL WHEEL
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