in humans. Laws range from Safe Harbor regulations to mandatory posting of the human trafficking hotline number in public spaces including gyms, airports, libraries, etc. The Florida Statewide Council on Human Trafficking was created through legislation passed and signed into law in 2014. The council consists of 15 members and includes representatives from law enforcement, prosecutors, legislators, and experts in the fields of health, education, and social services. The council is chaired by the attorney general of Florida (myfloridalegal.com, 2019). The council’s duties include the following (myfloridalegal. com, 2019): ● Develop recommendations for comprehensive programs and services, including recommendations for certification of safe houses and safe foster homes. ● Make recommendations for apprehending and prosecuting traffickers and enhancing coordination of responses. ● Hold an annual statewide policy summit with an institution of higher learning. ● Develop overall policy recommendations. includes young boys and adult males. Young children are involved in sex trafficking characteristically for pornography purposes as well as prostitution for pedophiles (Department of Justice, 2017). Forced labor The definition of forced labor trafficking includes slave labor (rarely identified as such in the United States), migrant work, forced labor on the seas, and child factory work. Undocumented immigrants with families often include their children in the migrant or factory labor (UNDOC, 2020). Organ trafficking and egg trafficking The market for trafficking in kidneys, for example, is increasing (Shimazono, n.d). The recipients of these trafficked organs frequently come from the United States and Europe and are not aware that the organs were harvested from unwilling donors. Pakistan, the Philippines, and Egypt have been popular places for commercial living donor trafficking (Shimazono, n.d). Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, are often undisclosed to the organ recipients. Frequently, young women in East Asia are forced to become egg donors. They are given hormones as a means to increase the production of multiple eggs. They are then paid small amounts for their “donation.” Any complications that arise are the donor’s problem, and some women remain in captive situations for repeat donations. Romania, together with other Eastern European countries, including Turkey, has gradually adopted laws to combat human trafficking, including the trafficking of human eggs and embryos (Cokar et al., 2016). Debt bondage One form of trafficking recently on the rise is that of debt bondage. Debt bondage includes indentured servitude and family labor for payment (NHTRC, 2015a). Domestic servitude Domestic servitude is a form of human trafficking found in particular circumstances, and the victims work in a private residence. It is a crime in which a domestic worker is not free to leave employment, is abused and underpaid, and sometimes not paid at all. A worker’s freedom to come and go from their place of employment is often quite limited. Because they work in private homes, their isolation and vulnerability is increased. Domestic workers, especially women, often face various forms of abuse,
4,203 cases reports with nearly 6,637 victims affected (Polaris, 2017b). In recent years, Florida’s legislation regarding human trafficking prevention and intervention has increased substantially. There are multiple proposed House Bills on the 2020 agenda aimed at increasing public awareness of trafficking. This extends to certain business professionals as well as providing mandatory school education on the warning signs and correct response to human trafficking (Florida Senate, 2020). In a Florida study of 913 youths who were reported to have been involved in human trafficking, 28.8% were 12 years of age or younger, 87.7% were female, and the majority had experienced some type of family violence (Ellis & Tran, 2016). Professionals in healthcare, child protective services, schools, and juvenile justice centers are the most likely first points of contact for these children (Ellis & Tran, 2016). Since the initial legislation has passed, Florida has established a state-wide human trafficking council. The council members review different strategies and collaborations to fight human trafficking. The state also has numerous laws relating to the process and act of trafficking Types of human trafficking Human trafficking can be grouped into six general categories. Each of these crime categories encompasses a collection of related crimes (UNDOC, 2020): 1. Sex trafficking : Sex trafficking includes individuals transported or relocated to engage in coerced or forced sexual activities. This category includes men, women, and children. 2. Forced labor : Forced labor trafficking encompasses several types of human trafficking, including slave labor, forced migrant work, forced labor on the seas, and child factory work. 3. Organ trafficking and egg trafficking : This involves forced and coerced marriage and surrogate pregnancies. 4. Debt bondage : Debt bondage includes indentured servitude and family labor for payment. 5. Domestic servitude : Domestic servitude encompasses domestic service for debt payment. 6. Child soldiers : Child soldiers are individuals under 18 who are coerced or forced to engage in armed conflicts. Sex and labor trafficking can occur in a variety of licit and illicit settings. Formal industries and ways in which sex and labor trafficking occurs in the United States include: ● Agriculture : including seasonal harvesting work or caring for animals. ● Domestic work : including cooking, cleaning, other household work, and caregiving. ● Restaurants and small businesses : including wait staff, kitchen staff, bussers, or dishwashers. ● Military : compulsory labor outside the scope of military tasks ● Traveling sales crews : including peddling and begging rings, selling candy, magazine subscriptions, and other goods or soliciting money. ● Health and beauty services : including nail salons, hair salons, spas, or massage parlors. ● Escort services : through agencies and online sex sites. ● Brothels : which can be home-based, lodge-based, or truck stop. (National Human Trafficking Resource Center [NHTRC], 2015a; Polaris Project, n.d.; UNDOC, 2020). Sex trafficking In the past, sex trafficking was considered to be only prostitution, and many people falsely believed that those engaged in prostitution were willing participants. Definitive studies in this area have been few. Sex trafficking also
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Book Code: MFL1227
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