protect the environment from contamination, though they may carry disease. Further support can be found in the fact that states do not mandate embalming or internment in contamination-proof caskets or vaults. Studies conducted in 2006 by Monument Builders of North America (MBNA) showed that even sealed caskets in vaults were subject to failure, which allowed outside elements in and fluids to leak out over time. These results were published in the “Funeral Ethics Organization Newsletter” as follows: Environmental health and safety The National Funeral Directors Association, or NFDA, has enhanced its efforts to assist funeral directors to address the health and safety of personnel and to educate the public on environmental safety related to the embalming process, preparation, alkaline hydrolysis, crematory equipment, and wastes discharged by funeral homes and crematories. To that end, the NFDA will: ● Encourage the development of environmentally and personally safe embalming chemicals, funeral service products, and preparation room equipment. ● Undertake proactive communications initiatives. Conclusion Funeral directors, embalmers, and personnel will face postmortem care for persons who have died with infectious, contagious diseases. They must receive training to provide services for these individuals and their families using universal precautions to ensure the health and safety of everyone in contact with the deceased as well as the public at large. The severity of many infectious diseases discussed in this course calls for strict adherence to the regulations and guidelines mandated by the CDC, OSHA, and WHO. Following these Burden, B. (2006). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia, as quoted in Mortuary Management magazine, October 2006. Retrieved January 17,2016 from http:// www.funeralethics.org/SpringSummer06.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [cited 2015 Jan 3]. Retrieved January 14, 2016 from http://www.cdc.gov.ezproxy.nihlibrary.nih.gov/vhf/ ebola/ The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2007). The Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Retrieved January 15,2016 from http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007ip_part1.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Guidance for Safe Handling of Human Remains of Ebola Patients in U. S. Hospitals and Mortuaries. Retrieved January 12, 2016 from http:// www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/hospitals/handling-human-remains.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Interim Guidance for Environmental Infection Control in Hospitals for Ebola Virus. Retrieved January 16,2016 from www.cdc.gov/ vhf/ebola/hcp/environmental-infection- control-in-hospitals.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Part I: Review of Scientific Data Regarding Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Retrieved January 15, 2016 from http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007ip_part1.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) Prion Diseases.National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP). Retrieved January 16, 2016 from http://www.cdc.gov/ ncezid/index.html Funeral Consumers Alliance (2011).Dead Bodies and Disease: The “Danger” That Doesn’t Exist. Retrieved January 16,2016 from https://www.funerals.org/frequently.../142- embalming-myths-facts Funeral Consumers Alliance (2015)Embalming: What You Should Know - Funeral Consumers Alliance. Retrieved January 17, 2016 from https://www.funerals.org/.../48-what-you-should- know-about-embalming References Funeral Ethics Organization (2006) Funeral Ethics Organization Newsletter, Spring/Summer 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2016 from http://www.funeralethics.org/SpringSummer06.pdf Kennedy, S.B., Nisbett, R.A. (2015). The Ebola epidemic: A Transformative Moment for Global Health. Bulletin, World Health Organization. 2015 Jan 1; 93(1): 2. doi: 10.2471/ BLT.14.151068. Retrieved January 13, from 2016 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4271688/ Mayer, R. (2012). Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill NY.
“MBNA found that the Catholic Cemetery Association was documenting an 86 percent failure rate or problems with wood and cloth-covered caskets, 62 percent for nonsealing metal, and 46 percent for ‘protective’ or ‘sealer’ caskets. Though sealed caskets yielded lower failure numbers the report states in bold print, ‘It is highly unlikely that protective sealer metal caskets employ sufficient mechanisms to contain body fluids or gases.’” ● Assist funeral directors with environmental and safety compliance issues, establishing green funeral homes, and green end-of-life practices. ● Promote laws and practices consistent with these objectives. OSHA reform: That NFDA continue to support legislation, regulations, and policies that reshape OSHA into an agency that listens to and works with business to craft industry-specific, performance-based, safety and health workplace practices that are based on commonsense and practical reality rather than academic or theoretical concepts or punitive regulations or enforcement (NFDA, 2015). guidelines provides staff with training and preparation to meet the changing demands of the profession and promote the health, safety, and confidence of personnel, families, and the community. In addition to the major health organizations, the NFDA websites provide frequent updates from the major health organizations and resources for current information specific to the funeral profession. Morgan, O. (2004) Infectious Disease Risks from Dead Bodies Following Natural Disasters. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2004; 15(5): 307–12.Perspectives in Health, a publication of the PAHO, a Division of the World Health Organization. Retrieved January 14, 2016 from www. paho.org/english/dd/pin/Number21_article01.htm National Funeral Home Directors Association (2015). 2015 NFDA Public Policy Positions. Retrieved January 16, 2016 from http://www.nfda.org Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2014). OSHA Fact Sheet: Safe Handling, Treatment, Transport and Disposal of Ebola. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved January 13,2016 from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_FS-3766.pdf Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2011).Safety and Health Topics | Healthcare - Infectious Diseases U.S. Dept of labor Retrieved January 14, 2016 from https://www.osha. gov/SLTC/healthcarefacilities/infectious_diseases Poncelet, J.L. (2005). Perspectives in Health, Volume 10, no. 1, 2005, a publication of the PAHO, A Division of WHO. Retrieved January 2016 from http:// www.paho.org/english/dd/ pin/Number21_article01.htm Prescott J, Bushmaker T, Fischer R, Miazgowicz K, Judson S, Munster VJ. (2015). Postmortem Stability of Ebola Virus. Emerging Infectious Disease. 2015 May. DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.150041.Retrieved January 14, 2016 from http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/ eid2105.150041. Sathyavagiswaran, L. (2006). Mortuary Management Magazine, October, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(1): 203-207. Retrieved January 17,2016 from dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/605/ docs/MEDS-425_SYLLABUS.doc Troyer, J.E. (2010). Technologies of the HIV/AIDS Corpse. Med Anthropol.2010. Apr; 29(2): 129-49. doi: 10.1080/01459741003715417. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455141. World Health Organization (2003). Infection Control Manual for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. World Health Organization. Retrieved January 12, 2016 from http://www. who.int/csr/resources/publications/bse/whocdscsraph2003.pdf World Health Organization (2014). Interim Infection Control Recommendations for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus (Ebola, Marburg) Hemorrhagic Fever. Retrieved January 14, 2016 from www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/interim_ recommendations_filovirus.pdf
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