to 30% of psoriasis patients will eventually develop psoriatic arthritis. According to current studies, more than 8 million Americans have psoriasis (National Psoriasis Foundation, n.d.). Nearly 40% of people with psoriatic arthritis say their disease is a large problem in their daily lives. Multiple sclerosis In multiple sclerosis (MS), the immune system causes communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body when it attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage to the nerves. Recent findings from a National MS Society study indicate that nearly 1 million people in the U.S. are living with MS (Koskie, 2020). The National MS Society estimates MS is two to three times more common in women than men (Koskie, 2020). Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs (Mayo Clinic, 2023). Inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease describes a group of disorders in which the intestines become inflamed (Mayo Clinic, 2023). It is a result of the immune system attacking a harmless virus, bacteria, or food in the gut, causing inflammation that leads to bowel injury. Two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. Crohn's disease can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Addison’s disease Addison’s disease occurs when the body doesn't produce enough of certain hormones (Mayo Clinic, 2023). In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce too little cortisol and often produce too little aldosterone. Addison’s disease can develop slowly and have symptoms that include extreme fatigue, weight loss and decreased appetite, darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), low blood pressure, salt craving, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), nausea, diarrhea or vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle or joint pains, irritability, depression or other behavioral symptoms, and body hair loss. Graves’ disease Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid (NIDDKD, n.d.). The immune system attacks the thyroid, causing it to make more thyroid hormone than the body needs. People with other autoimmune disorders are more likely to develop Graves’ disease than people without these disorders. Common symptoms associated with Graves’ disease are the same as those with hyperthyroidism, such as fast and irregular heartbeat, frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, goiter, heat intolerance, nervousness or irritability, tiredness or muscle weakness, trembling hands, trouble sleeping, and weight loss. Sjogren’s syndrome In Sjogren’s syndrome, the immune system attacks the glands that make tears and saliva (Mayo Clinic, 2023). This causes dry mouth and dry eyes. There may be dryness in other places that need moisture, such as the nose, throat, The following autoimmune diseases affect the skin Scleroderma Scleroderma is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues (Mayo Clinic, 2023). In some people, scleroderma affects
and skin. Sjogren's can also affect other parts of the body, including joints, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, digestive organs, and nerves. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland (Mayo Clinic, 2023). The immune system makes antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. This damages the thyroid gland, so it does not make enough thyroid hormone. Hashimoto's disease often leads to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism, when severe, can cause the individual’s metabolism to slow down, which can lead to weight gain, fatigue, and other symptoms. Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is a chronic neuromuscular autoimmune disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest (Mayo Clinic, 2023). These muscles are responsible for functions involving breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs. The onset of the disease may be sudden. Symptoms include weakness of the eye muscles (called ocular myasthenia); drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis); blurred or double vision (diplopia); a change in facial expression; difficulty swallowing; shortness of breath; impaired speech (dysarthria); and weakness in the arms, hands, fingers, legs, and neck. Autoimmune vasculitis Autoimmune vasculitis is actually several conditions that cause inflammation in the blood vessels (Mayo Clinic, 2023). It can also be called angiitis or arteritis. It can make the blood vessels weak, stretched, bigger, or narrower. Or they may close entirely. It can occur after an infection that sets off an unusual response in the immune system, damaging the blood vessels. Vasculitis may also be tied to immune system diseases that a patient has had for months or years, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or Sjogren’s syndrome. Pernicious anemia Pernicious anemia is a rare blood disorder characterized by the body’s inability to properly utilize vitamin B12, which is essential for the development of red blood cells (Mayo Clinic, 2023). Most cases result from a lack of gastric protein known as intrinsic factor, without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. The symptoms of pernicious anemia may include weakness, fatigue, an upset stomach, an abnormally rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), and/or chest pains. Pernicious anemia is sometimes seen in association with certain autoimmune endocrine diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease, and Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed people (Cleveland Clinic, n.d.). Ingesting gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. When people with celiac disease eat gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley), their body mounts an immune response that attacks the small intestine. These attacks lead to damage to the villi, the small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine and promote nutrient absorption. When the villi get damaged, nutrients cannot be absorbed properly into the body. Graves’ disease. Celiac disease
only the skin. But in many people, scleroderma also harms structures beyond the skin, such as blood vessels, internal organs, and the digestive tract (systemic scleroderma).
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