110 Optimizing Outcomes in Rehabilitation: Motor Learning Principles and Beyond: Summary
External or augmented feedback can be visual, auditory, or haptic. • Visual feedback, such as watching someone’s movements or using markers and targets, is beneficial for initially learning a skill but has the strongest tendency to foster dependency if overused. • Auditory feedback, like metronomes or music, emphasizes timing and is less likely to cause dependency. • Haptic feedback , which involves touch and somatic sensory information to guide movement, is the only form of feedback that gives real-time interaction information. However, it can also lead to dependency and passivity if it is overused. It is best during the initial learning phase.
useful for complex motor tasks with a steep learning curve. Visuohaptic feedback combines both visual and haptic sensory information to enhance the understanding of timing during tasks. For example, when individuals use visuohaptic feedback while filling a container with water, they not only see the water level rise (visual) but also feel the weight of the water in their hand (haptic). This combination of sensory modalities allows patients to experience and adjust their movements in real time, making it particularly effective for improving the timing of actions. Beyond the type of feedback we use, when we offer it can be as important for learning and skill acquisition. There are two main ways to provide feedback: Concurrent feedback, which is given while a task is being performed, and terminal feedback, which is provided at the end of the task. Concurrent feedback is valuable, especially for beginners, as it helps them understand what they are doing wrong and offers specific instructions for making improvements. However, for more complex tasks, concurrent feedback can reduce cognitive load, making it easier for learners. Terminal feedback, on the other hand, works best when learners can relate it to their prior performance. | HEALTHCARE CONSIDERATION Delayed and summary feedback (summing up performance after a last attempt with a delay of a minute or two), allow for self- reflection. This pause encourages patients to contemplate their actions and performance, fostering a deeper understanding of their strengths and areas that require improvement. The act of reflecting on their actions enables individuals to process the information more effectively and refine their skills based on personal insights.
LEARNING TIP! External feedback can be
beneficial but can distract from the use of internal feedback and can be less efficient, requiring more cognitive resources than internal feedback.
Another approach to learning and skill acquisition involves combining different sensory modalities, such as visual and auditory or visual and haptic feedback. This is called multimodal feedback and is most helpful when learning a complex motor task. Multimodal feedback includes audiovisual and visuohaptic feedback. Audiovisual feedback involves combining auditory and visual information to enhance learning. For instance, individuals can receive both visual cues and auditory tones when performing tasks like maintaining proper form during walking. This combination of sensory modalities helps improve task accuracy and reduces cognitive workload, making it particularly
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