Registered Nursing, Provider #CEP17480 (valid through January 31, 2024); California Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (LVN Provider #V15058, PT Provider #V15020; valid through December 31, 2023); District of Columbia Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; Florida Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; Georgia Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; Kentucky Board of Nursing, Provider #7-0076 (valid through December 31, 2023; CE Broker Provider #50-4007); Michigan Board of Nursing,
Provider #50-4007; Mississippi Board of Nursing, Provider #50- 4007; New Mexico Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; North Dakota Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; South Carolina Board of Nursing, Provider #50-4007; and West Virginia Board of Registered Nurses, Provider #50-4007. This CE program satisfies the Massachusetts States Board’s regulatory requirements as defined in 244 CMR5.00: Continuing Education..
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to diagnostic and treatment options of a specific patient’s medical condition.
©2023: All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without the expressed written permission or consent of Colibri Healthcare, LLC. The materials presented in this course are meant to provide the consumer with general information on the topics covered. The information provided was prepared by professionals with practical knowledge of the areas covered. It is not meant to provide medical, legal, or professional advice. Colibri Healthcare, LLC recommends that you consult a medical, legal, or professional services expert licensed in your state. Colibri Healthcare, LLC has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation nor circumstances and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. Quotes are collected from customer feedback surveys. The models are intended to be representative and not actual customers. Course verification All individuals involved have disclosed that they have no No. 241, every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the content in this course is balanced and unbiased. significant financial or other conflicts of interest pertaining to this course. Likewise, and in compliance with California Assembly Bill
INTRODUCTION
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia that healthcare providers manage, having a significant financial burden of approximately $26 billion in the United States. The lifetime risk of developing AF is one in four, with age being the predominant risk factor. Seventy-five percent of patients aged 65 or older will develop AF (Kotecha et al., 2016; Pilgrim, 2018). By the year 2030, the incidence of AF is predicted to increase to 12 million because of risk factors for AF including smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use, and co-morbid conditions including diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure, which also increase risk (Chung et al., 2020).
Automaticity is the property of cardiac cells to generate spontaneous action potentials. Normally, the sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the heart second to the highest number of automated cells in this location of the right atrium. Yet with AF, multiple wavelets of enhanced or abnormal automaticity usurp the pacemaker function of the SA node, causing chaotic depolarizations throughout the atrium. Furthermore, left atrial enlargement and stretch lead to atrial fibrosis with resultant electrical remodeling (Walsh & Caple, 2018).
CONCEPTS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
To understand AF, one needs to review the concept of cardiac output. Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute (Banasik & Copstead, 2018). Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume (HR x SV) as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Determination of Cardiac Output
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