● Level VII : Evidence is gathered from the opinion of authorities or reports of expert committees. After completing and presenting the literature review to colleagues and leadership representatives, decisions about translation into practice and the feasibility of conducting nursing research are made. In some cases, clinical practice changes will be piloted based on findings. In other cases, nursing research supervised by trained nurse researchers will be conducted. Overview of the nursing research process After developing the research/clinical practice question and conducting the literature review, the following research elements must be considered (Polit & Beck, 2022): ● Time : Will the research be completed within a realistic timeframe? ● Adequate numbers of participants : Can an adequate number of patients be obtained to participate in the study? ● Location of the study : Most researchers select the organizations for which they work or have some type of association, such as a clinical affiliation. However, researchers must consider the review and approval processes mandated by the organization, the resources available for nursing research, and how supportive the organization is to the nursing research process. ● Finances : The costs associated with the nursing research project must be considered. These costs include staff time related to conducting the research, expenses related to analysis, copying charges, and postage or computer resources if surveys or questionnaires are part of the research methodology. ● Ethics : Ethics is a significant concern in any research project. How are patients who participate in the study protected? Is there any risk to the health and safety of patients who participate in a study? For example, are they taking an experimental drug or agreeing to an experimental treatment method? How will participants receive an explanation of the study and how will they give informed consent to participate in the research project? How will confidentiality be protected? How will objectivity be maintained during data analysis? At times, some unethical researchers have altered data to skew findings to support the researchers’ beliefs. Results must be reported accurately, objectivity must be maintained during analysis, and patients’ rights and well- being must always be protected. Translating evidence into practice The ultimate goal of EBP is to translate evidence into practice for improving patient outcomes. In its simplest format, EBP is based on the following (Polit & Beck, 2022): ● Identifying the clinical EBP research question : Questions stem from concerns and observations regarding clinical practice and the need to determine if changes in clinical practice are warranted. ● Gathering evidence : All available sources of evidence (the literature, clinical expertise, clinical practice guidelines, patient values, and preferences) are objectively reviewed and the evidence identified. ● Conducting research : After evaluating the evidence, it may become apparent that implementing a nursing research study is appropriate. Research is conducted under the supervision of nursing research experts and with the approval of the organization’s IRB.
Self-Assessment Quiz Question #6 A study that is relying primarily on evidence gathered from at least one well-designed RCT is relying on what level of evidence? a. VII.
b. V. c. II. d. I.
Self-Assessment Quiz Question #7 Issues related to ethics in the nursing research process include: a. Maintaining objectivity during analysis. b. Determining costs related to analysis. c. Determining how supportive the organization is to the nursing research process. d. Assessing if the research study will have an adequate number of participants. Nursing consideration: It can be a challenge to determine how many research participants are needed for a research study. Qualtrics (a web-based survey tool to conduct survey research, evaluations, and other data collection activities) can be helpful when determining sample size. After determining how the research study should be implemented, a written proposal to obtain permission to conduct research is developed and presented to the organization’s institutional review board (IRB). The IRB reviews studies to ensure that ethical standards are met for the protection of the rights of human participants (Polit & Beck, 2022). Written research proposals generally contain the following information (Polit & Beck, 2022): ● Cover sheet. ● Introduction to the proposed research study. The IRB often asks for additional information before granting permission to conduct research. After such permission is secured, the research study is implemented and results are evaluated. Results, supported by the literature review and evaluation of the study findings, may indicate a change in nursing practice. This is referred to as translating evidence into practice . ● Generating new knowledge : Research should add to the body of nursing knowledge for enhancing patient outcomes. ● Disseminating knowledge gained from research or a critical analysis of all sources of evidence : Findings should be shared at the unit and departmental meetings, committee meetings, and meetings with administrative and leadership team members. Knowledge gained should be shared not only within the employing organization, but also with the nursing community at large via publications, presentations at professional association meetings and conferences, and collaboration with academic settings. ● Using findings in practice : Using evidence to make practice changes or justify the current practice is the foundation of sound healthcare initiatives. ● Improving the quality of care : The ongoing primary goal of any healthcare professional should be to improve the quality of care patients are receiving. Translating evidence into clinical practice will improve patient care services. ● Objectives of the study. ● Significance of the study. ● Methodology. ● Sample of the consent form.
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Book Code: AUS3024
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