An example of a case study is a focus on how several nurses interact with a female patient who was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer. ● Critical theory : A critical theory researcher is concerned with a critique of society. Researchers conducting a critical theory study hope to identify ways to improve society. Thus, it is action oriented. Critical theory aims to “make people aware of contradictions and disparities in social practices and become inspired to change them” (Polit & Beck, 2022, p. 169). An example of a critical theory study is to follow patients whose income is below the poverty line and determine their ability to adhere to medication regimens. Findings would be disseminated in a way that fosters awareness of problems and stimulates action to correct them. ● Feminist theory : Feminist theory is similar to critical theory. The focus, however, is on “gender domination and discrimination within patriarchal societies” (Polit & Beck, 2022, p. 169). Researchers conduct research that helps to EBP is the process of collecting, evaluating, and integrating valid research evidence (combined with clinical expertise and knowledge of patient and family values, preferences, and beliefs) to improve clinical practice, the work environment, or patient outcomes. EBP aims to close the gap between what is known to be effective and what is being done in healthcare settings (Polit & Beck, 2022). Quality improvement Quality improvement (QI) is the formal, systematic data analysis for monitoring and improving patient care. QI uses currently available knowledge and evidence to improve patient outcomes, enhance the safety of healthcare systems, and improve job performance (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019; Polit & Beck, 2022). Critical appraisal Critical appraisal involves evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of research evidence by using existing standards to identify the merit and validity of the research for use in clinical practice. Critical appraisal is also known as a research or evidence critique (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019; Polit & Beck, 2022). Validity Validity is the extent to which assumptions made in a research study are accurate and well-founded. When validity is used to describe a research tool, it means the extent to which that tool Using models to implement EBP in nursing EBP in nursing is a problem-solving approach to clinical decision- making in healthcare settings. It depends on three components (Newhouse et Al., 2007): 1. The best available scientific research evidence. 2. The best available clinical expertise. 3. Patient and family values and preferences. To successfully implement EBP, nurses must consider both internal and external influences on practice. For example, internal influences might be the support of nurse managers who provide adequate staffing levels to initiate nursing research. External factors might be health-related community issues, such as an influenza epidemic or a significant trauma event requiring immediate care for numerous victims. All factors that impact a community and its healthcare facilities affect EBP (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). To date, several EBP models serve as frameworks to guide the translation of evidence into practice. The following are examples of EBP models. The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) model is dedicated to the advancement of EBP and to the support of nurses who work to improve patient care outcomes by translating evidence into practice (Dang et al., 2022).
facilitate an end to women’s unequal position in society compared to men’s position. ● Participatory action research : Participatory action research is focused on researchers and participants working together to understand a problematic situation and change it for the better. The goal is to “produce not only knowledge but also action, empowerment, and consciousness raising” (Polit & Beck, 2022, p. 170). An example of this type of research is developing a community plan to tackle maternal and neonatal health problems in rural West Virginia. Self-Assessment Quiz Question #1 A nurse wants to research the experience of grief in parents who have lost a child to cancer. This type of research is: a. Quantitative. b. Critical Appraisal. c. Qualitative. d. Quality Improvement. measures what it was intended to measure (Melnyk & Fineout- Overholt, 2019; Polit & Beck, 2022). Reliability Reliability refers to the extent to which a measurement is free from measurement error. In other words, it is the extent to which study results are the same for repeated measurements. It refers to the ability to count on research findings to make a difference when clinicians apply them to practice (Melnyk & Fineout- Overholt, 2019; Polit & Beck, 2022). Nursing consideration: Nurses must be able to appraise the steps of the research process, read the research literature critically, and make informed clinical decisions based on the validity and reliability of research findings to successfully and knowledgeably implement EBP (Polit & Beck, 2022). Self-Assessment Quiz Question #2 The formal, systematic analysis of data for monitoring patient outcomes is: The revised JHNEBP model is composed of three interrelated components (Dang et al., 2022): 1. Inquiry launches the EBP process. The inquiry focuses on the efforts of the nurse to question, examine, and collect information about a problem, issue, or concern. 2. Practice reflects the translation of what nurses know into what they do. Practice is the range of nursing activities that define patient care. 3. Learning involves both the individual as a learner and the organization as a learning culture. A learning culture not only improves learning but also increases employee satisfaction, promotes creativity, and encourages problem- solving. Implementation of the JHNEBP model is a 20-step process that occurs in three phases, described by the acronym PET (Dang et Al., 2022): 1. P ractice question. 2. E vidence. 3. T ranslation. Practice question The first phase involves the practice question. The practice question identifies an answerable question regarding a practice issue or concern that needs to be addressed. Nurses a. Quality improvement. b. Quantitative research. c. Qualitative research. d. EBP.
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)
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