Any member of the healthcare team may use influence to control, or attempt to control, healthcare practices. In this scenario, a nurse practitioner is seeking help to gather evidence to determine which is the best approach to bladder re-training. However, additional actions may be necessary. It may be helpful to talk to the physician about concerns regarding the current protocol and why his proposed changes would be beneficial. It may also be essential to find evidence to support the physician’s viewpoint. Findings may indicate the need for further investigation, including a literature review and more research. It is crucial to keep an open mind about new or different ideas. Another hallmark of EBP is the willingness to continually evaluate practice inpatient outcomes. Scenario 3 describes one of the barriers to implementing EBP (and to nursing research). The establishment of nursing councils
that focus on EBP and nursing research necessitates changes in practice. As the scenario describes, these changes can trigger both enthusiasm and resistance, typical responses to change. There will be those who embrace change as an opportunity for career advancement and those who resist it. Why is there so much resistance to change, even when it is designed to improve patient outcomes? Fear of the unknown, concern that the change will increase workload, high levels of burnout, and apprehension about acquiring the skills and knowledge necessary to adhere to EBP and promote nursing research contribute to dissatisfaction and resistance. EBP is no longer a new initiative. It is the foundation of nursing practice. This education program provides information about the EBP process, the nursing research process, and how to implement an EBP nursing practice successfully. Evidenced-based care promotes quality health outcomes for individuals, families, communities, and healthcare. Research and EBP are intertwined. For nurses to conduct nursing research and use findings to establish EBP, they must first know terms related to both research and EBP.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nurses use research as a scientific basis for nursing practice. An increasing number of research studies have been conducted to translate evidence effectively into practice (Chein, 2019).
Nursing research Nursing research is a systematic, rigorous, critical investigation conducted for answering questions regarding nursing Quantitative research Quantitative, or empirical, research is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data to investigate research questions or hypotheses that describe phenomena, evaluate relationships, determine differences, and explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Quantitative research uses computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to obtain results (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019; Polit & Beck, 2022). There are four approaches to quantitative research (Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, n.d; Melnyk & Fineout- Overholt, 2019): 1. Descriptive design. 2. Correlational design. 3. Quasi-experimental design. 4. Experimental design. Descriptive design This type of quantitative research is performed to describe the status of a variable (a measurable characteristic that varies) or phenomenon. The research does not start with a hypothesis, but one is formulated after data collection. Data collection is typically observational. An example of this type of research is a description of men’s attitudes towards male contraception interventions. Qualitative research Qualitative research is conducted if the question to be addressed is regarding a better understanding of the meaning of a human experience, such as grief or hope. Qualitative research is discovery-oriented and uses words and descriptions, not numbers, to discover or explain phenomena (Polit & Beck, 2022). The following are types of qualitative research (Polit & Beck, 2022; Rashid, et al., 2019): ● Ethnography : Ethnography entails describing and interpreting a culture (the way a group of people lives) and behaviors associated with a particular culture according to values and norms. An example of ethnography in healthcare is using an ethnographic approach to study newly licensed nurses’ experience caring for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2020. ● Phenomenology : Phenomenology is used to describe and understand everyday life experiences. Phenomenology researchers investigate subjective phenomena obtained through in-depth conversations with research participants. The sample size is generally small, often ten people
phenomena. Nursing research follows the steps of scientific inquiry (Polit & Beck, 2022).
Correlational design A correlational design explores relationships between variables by using statistical analysis. It does not look for cause and effect. The data collection process is primarily observational. An example of correlational design is a study of the relationship between verbal abuse and clinical depression. Quasi-experimental design (causal-comparative) This form of quantitative research is designed to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more variables. Control groups are identified and exposed to a variable. Results are compared to groups not exposed to the variable. An example of this type of research is a study of the development of compassion and emotional intelligence in nursing students (Teskereci et al., 2021). Experimental design (true experimentation) The experimental design uses the scientific method to establish a cause-and-effect relationship among a group of variables. The researchers try to control all variables except the variable that is being manipulated (independent variable). An example of experimental design is a study of efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity (Ferreira-Hermosillo, 2020). or fewer. Data are reported as vivid, detailed, in-depth descriptions organized into key themes. The overall goal is to help readers enrich their understanding of specific life experiences. An example of a phenomenology study in healthcare is the experiences of parents living with terminally-ill children. ● Grounded theory : Grounded theory is conducted to comprehend the social and psychological processes that characterize an event or a situation. The grounded theory tries to explain people’s actions from the perspectives of those involved in the event or situation. An example of a grounded theory research project is to explore new graduates’ perceptions of workplace readiness when entering nursing practice in an Intensive Care Unit. ● Case study : A case study is an in-depth study of a single case example or a minimal number of cases. An individual, a family, or another type of social unit may be the focus of the study. A case study focuses on understanding why an individual thinks, behaves, or progresses in a particular way.
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