HALLUCINOGEN RELATED DISORDERS
● Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for animals and humans. Unfortunately, much of it is obtained illegally from veterinary offices. This is also used as a date rape drug (NIDA, 2019). ● Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an over-the-counter cold and cough medicine. ● Salvia is a plant common to southern Mexico and Central and South America. This drug is ingested by chewing fresh leaves and drinking the extracted juice. Dissociative hallucinogens interfere with glutamate, which regulates pain perception, environmental response, emotion, and learning and memory (NIDA, 2019). Dissociative drugs can cause numbness, disorientation, loss of coordination, hallucinations, and increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature; long-term effects cause speech problems, memory loss, weight loss, anxiety, and depression or suicidal thoughts (NIDA, 2019). PCP can be addictive. Individuals demonstrating a problematic pattern of substance use which leads to significant impairment as manifested by two or more of the following over a 12-month period meet the criteria for a hallucinogen use disorder (PCP): ● PCP is taken in larger amounts than intended. ● There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control PCP. ● A great deal of time is spent in activities to obtain PCP. ● Craving is an urge to use PCP. ● Recurrent PCP use results in a failure to fulfill work or home obligations. ● PCP use is continued despite persistent or recurrent interpersonal problems. ● Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced due to stimulant use. ● Recurrent PCP use occurs in situations when physically hazardous. ● PCP use is continued despite the knowledge of having physical or psychological problems that may have been caused or exacerbated by PCP. ● Tolerance develops: ○ A need for increased amounts of PCP to achieve intoxication. ○ Diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the stimulant. ● Withdrawal occurs: ○ Characteristic withdrawal syndrome for PCP. ○ PCP taken to relieve or avoid the withdrawal. (APA, 2013)
A long history of using hallucinogenic plants exists among humans for ceremonial and religious purposes. It is difficult to define psychoactive drugs that are so diverse in chemical structures. Hallucinogens are a group of drugs that alter an individual’s awareness of surroundings, emotions, and thoughts. Despite their name, hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations (Forrest, 2020). These are divided into two categories, including classic hallucinogens Common classic hallucinogens include the following: ● D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent mind-altering chemicals. Theis clear or white odorless substance is derived from a fungus that grows on rye or grains (NIDA, 2019). ● Psilocybin originates from mushrooms in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States (NIDA, 2019). ● Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main ingredient (NIDA, 2019). ● DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found in plants in the Amazon. Ayahuasca is a tea from these plants, called hoasca , aya , and yagé (NIDA, 2019). ● 251-NBOMe is a synthetic hallucinogen similar to LSD and MDMA but much more potent. and dissociative drugs. Classic hallucinogens Classic hallucinogens temporarily disrupt communication through the brain and spinal cord (NIDA, 2019). Additionally, some interfere with serotonin, which regulates mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and intestinal muscle control (NIDA, 2019). These hallucinogens cause individuals to see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real, which generally begin within 20-90 minutes and can last from 15 minutes to 12 hours. These are commonly referred to as a trip by the individual. The short-term effects can range from tachycardia and nausea to seeing intense colors and changes in the sense of time (NIDA, 2019). Other short-term effects of hallucinogens include increased blood pressure, tachypnea, hyperthermia, loss of appetite, dry mouth, spiritual experiences, relaxation, uncoordinated movements, excessive sweating, panic, paranoia, psychosis, and bizarre behaviors (NIDA, 2019). Long-term effects include persistent psychosis and hallucinogen persistent perception disorder, which are also evident in individuals with mental illness (NIDA, 2019). Dissociative hallucinogens Common dissociative drugs include the following: ● PCP (phencyclidine) was developed as a general anesthetic but is no longer used because of serious side effects. Now it is found in a variety of forms.
INHALANT USE DISORDER
People who use inhalants will abuse any available substance. Inhalants are CNS depressants and influence gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA). Physiological effects of inhalant use include a variety of body functions. Most of the damage initially affects the brain, observed through tremors and uncontrolled shaking (Brannon, 2019). Headaches and seizures are common. Personality changes, memory loss, and decreased cognitive functioning may also develop. Inhalants can also cause lung damage with hypoxia, sinus discharge, coughing, and cyanosis. Arrhythmias, heart block, and heart failure are also possible with inhalant use. Other medical effects associated with inhalant use include gastrointestinal, liver, and kidney failure; bone marrow damage; and peripheral nervous system damage (Brannon, 2019). Psychological effects of inhalant use include impaired
Inhalants produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce psychoactive or mind-altering effects. The range of chemicals have a variety of pharmacologic effects found in hundreds of products (NIDA, 2022). Precise categorization of these products is difficult, but they generally are identified as volatile solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrates: ● Solvents include paint thinner, gasoline, lighter fluid, and glue. ● Aerosols include spray paint, hair spray, and vegetable oil sprays. ● Gases include propane tanks, whipped cream aerosols; and butane lighters and nitrous oxide. ● Nitrates include room deodorizers and leather cleaner. (NIDA, 2022)
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